|
TABLE 1 - PROPERTIES OF METALS |
|
Material |
Average
specific
heat
Btu/
(lb.)(°F) |
Latent
heat of
fusion,
Btu/lb. |
Density
lbs./in.3 |
Melting
point,
°F
(lowest) |
Thermal
Conductivity
K
(BTU)(in.)
(hr.)(sq.ft.)(°F) |
Thermal
expansion
in./in./°F
x10-6 |
|
Aluminum |
.24 |
169 |
.098 |
1190 |
1540 |
13.1 |
|
Antimony |
.049 |
69 |
.239 |
1166 |
131 |
|
|
Babbit - lead base |
.39 |
|
.370 |
470 |
165.6 |
|
|
Babbit - tin base |
.071 |
|
.267 |
465 |
278.4 |
|
|
Barium |
.068 |
|
.130 |
1562 |
|
|
|
Beryllium |
.052 |
|
.066 |
2345 |
1121.0 |
|
|
Bismuth |
.031 |
22.4 |
.353 |
520 |
59 |
|
|
Boron |
.309 |
|
.083 |
4172 |
|
|
|
Brass (80-20) |
.091 |
|
.310 |
1700 |
82 |
|
|
Brass (70-30) |
.10 |
|
.304 |
1700 |
672 |
|
|
Brass (yellow) |
.096 |
|
.306 |
1710 |
830 |
11.2 |
|
Bronze (75/25) |
.082 |
75 |
.313 |
1832 |
180 |
|
|
Cadmium |
.055 |
23.8 |
.313 |
610 |
660 |
|
|
Calcium |
.149 |
140 |
.056 |
1564 |
912 |
|
|
Carbon |
.165 |
|
.080 |
6422 |
173 |
|
|
Chromium |
.11 |
|
.260 |
2822 |
484 |
|
|
Cobalt |
.099 |
115.2 |
.321 |
2696 |
499 |
|
|
Constantan |
.098 |
|
.321 |
|
|
|
|
Copper |
.095 |
91.1 |
.322 |
1981 |
2680 |
9.8 |
|
German silver |
.109 |
|
.311 |
1761 |
168 |
|
|
Gold |
.032 |
29.0 |
.698 |
1945 |
2030 |
7.9 |
|
Incoloy 800 |
.13 |
|
.290 |
2500 |
80 |
7.9 |
|
Incoloy 600 |
.126 |
|
.304 |
2500 |
103 |
5.8 |
|
Inconel 600 |
.11 |
|
.304 |
2470 |
109 |
5.8 |
|
Iron, cast |
.12 |
|
.260 |
2150 |
346 |
6.0 |
|
Iron, wrought |
.12 |
|
.278 |
2800 |
432 |
|
|
Lead, solid |
.032 |
11.3 |
.410 |
620 |
240 |
16.4 |
|
Lead, liquid |
.037 |
|
.387 |
|
108 |
|
|
Linotype |
.04 |
|
.363 |
480 |
|
|
|
Lithium |
.79 |
59 |
.212 |
367 |
516 |
|
|
Magnesium |
.27 |
160 |
.063 |
1202 |
1106 |
14 |
|
Manganese |
.115 |
116 |
.268 |
2268 |
80.6 |
|
|
Mercury |
.033 |
5.0 |
.488 |
-38 |
60.8 |
|
|
Molybdenum |
.071 |
126 |
.369 |
4750 |
980 |
2.94 |
|
Monel 400 |
.11 |
|
.319 |
2400 |
151 |
6.4 |
|
Nickel 200 |
.12 |
133 |
.321 |
2615 |
520 |
5.8 |
|
Nichrome |
.11 |
|
.302 |
2550 |
104 |
7.3 |
|
Platinum |
.035 |
49 |
.775 |
3225 |
480 |
4.9 |
|
Potassium |
.058 |
26.2 |
.434 |
146 |
720 |
|
|
Rhodium |
.059 |
|
.449 |
3570 |
636 |
|
|
Silicon |
.162 |
|
.008 |
2570 |
600 |
|
|
Silver |
.057 |
38 |
.379 |
1760 |
2900 |
10.8 |
|
Sodium |
.295 |
49.5 |
.035 |
207 |
972 |
|
|
Solder |
.051 |
17 |
.323 |
361 |
310 |
13.1 |
|
Steel, mild |
.122 |
|
.284 |
2760 |
460 |
6.7 |
|
Stn. Stl. 304 |
.12 |
|
.286 |
2550 |
105 |
9.6 |
|
Stn. Stl. 430 |
.11 |
|
.275 |
2650 |
0155 |
6.0 |
|
Tantalum |
.035 |
|
.60 |
5425 |
375 |
3.57 |
|
Tin, liquid |
.052 |
|
.253 |
|
218 |
|
|
Tin, solid |
.065 |
26.1 |
.263 |
450 |
455 |
13 |
|
Titanium 99.0% |
.13 |
|
.164 |
3035 |
112 |
4.7 |
|
Tungsten |
.040 |
79 |
.697 |
6170 |
1130 |
2.45 |
|
Type Metal |
.040 |
14 |
.388 |
500 |
180 |
|
|
Uranium |
.028 |
|
.677 |
3075 |
193.2 |
|
|
Zinc |
.096 |
43.3 |
.258 |
787 |
740 |
22.1 |
|
Zirconium |
.067 |
108 |
.234 |
3350 |
145 |
3.22 |
|
TABLE 2 - PROPERTIES OF NON-METALLIC
SOLIDS |
|
Material |
Average
specific
heat
Btu./
(lb.)(°F) |
Latent
heat of
fusion,
Btu/lb. |
Average
Density
lbs./in.3 |
Melting
point,
°F
(lowest) |
Thermal
Conductivity
K
(Btu)(in.)
(hr.)(sq.ft.)(°F) |
Thermal
expansion
in./in./°F
x10-6 |
|
ABS Plastic |
.35 |
|
.042 |
|
1.32 |
|
|
Acrylic |
.34 |
|
.041 |
|
2.28 |
|
|
Aluminua |
|
|
.087 |
|
1.0 |
|
|
Aluminum Silicate |
.2 |
|
.086 |
3690 |
9.1 |
|
|
Asbestos |
.25 |
|
.021 |
|
.44 |
|
|
Ashes |
.2 |
|
.025 |
|
.49 |
|
|
Asphalt |
.40 |
|
.046 |
|
5.3 |
|
|
Bakelight, Pure Resin |
.3-.4 |
|
.045 |
|
|
|
|
Barium Chloride |
.10 |
|
.139 |
1697 |
|
|
|
Beeswax |
|
75 |
.035 |
144 |
1.67 |
|
|
Boron Nitride |
.33 |
|
.082 |
5430 |
125 |
1-4 |
|
Brickwork |
.22 |
|
.076 |
|
3-7 |
3-6 |
|
Calcium Chloride |
.17 |
72 |
.091 |
1422 |
|
|
|
Carbon |
.28 |
|
.080 |
6700 |
165 |
0.3-2.4 |
|
Canauba Wax |
.8 |
|
.036 |
|
|
|
|
Cellulose Acetate |
.3-.5 |
|
.047 |
|
1.2-2.3 |
61-83 |
|
Cement |
.19 |
|
.054 |
|
2.04 |
|
|
Ceramic Fiber |
.27 |
|
.007 |
|
|
|
|
Chalk |
.215 |
|
.083 |
|
5.76 |
|
|
Clay |
.224 |
|
.052 |
3160 |
9 |
|
|
Coal (Coarse Anthercite) |
.32 |
|
.046 |
|
|
|
|
Coal Tars |
.35-.45 |
|
.045 |
|
11 |
|
|
Coke |
.264 |
|
.043 |
|
|
|
|
Concrete (Cinder) |
.16 |
|
.058 |
|
5.3 |
|
|
Concrete (Stone) |
.156 |
|
.083 |
|
9.5 |
|
|
Cork |
.5 |
|
.008 |
|
.36 |
|
|
Cotton (Flax, Hemp) |
.31 |
|
.053 |
|
.41 |
|
|
Delrin |
.35 |
|
.051 |
|
1.6 |
45 |
|
Diamond |
.147 |
|
.127 |
|
13872 |
|
|
Earth, Dry & Packed |
.44 |
|
.054 |
|
.9 |
|
|
Epoxy |
.25-.3 |
|
.045 |
|
1.2-2.4 |
|
|
Ethyl Cellulose |
.32-.46 |
|
.041 |
|
|
|
|
Fiberglass |
|
|
.0004 |
|
.28 |
|
|
Firebrick, Fireclay |
.243 |
|
.083 |
2900 |
2.6 |
|
|
Firebrick, Silica |
.258 |
|
.089 |
3000 |
7.2 |
|
|
Flourspar |
.21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fluoroplastics |
.28 |
|
.081 |
|
1.68 |
|
|
Glass, crown |
.161 |
|
.101 |
|
7.5 |
5 |
|
Granite |
.192 |
|
.097 |
|
13-28 |
|
|
Graphite |
.20 |
|
.075 |
|
1.25 |
|
|
Ice |
.53 |
144 |
.0324 |
32 |
11 |
28.3 |
|
Isoprene |
.48 |
|
.034 |
|
1.0 |
|
|
Limestone |
.217 |
|
.088 |
|
3.6-9 |
|
|
Magnesia |
.234 |
|
.130 |
5070 |
4.8 |
|
|
Magnesite Brick |
.222 |
|
.092 |
|
10.8-30 |
|
|
Magnesium Silicate |
|
|
.101 |
|
15.6 |
|
|
Marble |
.21 |
|
.097 |
|
14.4 |
|
|
Marinite I @ 400°F |
.29 |
|
.027 |
|
.89 |
|
|
Mica |
.21 |
|
.102 |
|
3.0 |
18 |
|
MgO (Before Compacted) |
.21 |
|
.085 |
|
3.6 |
|
|
MgO (Compacted) |
.209 |
|
.112 |
|
20 |
7.7 |
|
Nylon |
.4 |
|
.040 |
|
1.5 |
61-63 |
|
Paper |
.45 |
|
.034 |
|
.82 |
|
|
Paraffin |
.70 |
63 |
.032 |
133 |
1.6 |
|
|
Phenolic Plastic |
.35 |
|
.060 |
|
1.02 |
|
|
Phenolic Resin, Cast |
.3-.4 |
|
.049 |
|
1.1 |
|
|
Phenolic, Sheet of Tube Laminated |
.3-.5 |
|
.045 |
|
2.4 |
|
|
Pitch, Hard |
|
|
.048 |
300 |
|
|
|
Polycarbonate |
.3 |
|
.044 |
|
1.38 |
|
|
Polyester |
.2-.35 |
|
.046 |
|
3.96-5 |
|
|
Polyethylene |
.55 |
|
.035 |
|
2.3 |
94 |
|
Polypropylene |
.46 |
|
.032 |
|
1.72 |
|
|
Polystyrene |
.32 |
|
.038 |
|
.7-1.0 |
33-44 |
|
Polyvinyl Chloride Acetate |
.2-.3 |
|
.049 |
|
.84-1.2 |
|
|
Porcelain |
.26 |
|
.087 |
|
6-10 |
|
|
Potassium Chloride |
.17 |
|
.072 |
1454 |
|
|
|
Potassium Nitrate |
.26 |
|
.076 |
633 |
|
|
|
Quartz |
.26 |
|
.080 |
|
9.6 |
|
|
Rock Salt |
.219 |
|
|
1495 |
|
|
|
Rubber |
.44 |
|
.044 |
|
1.1 |
340 |
|
Sand, Dry |
.191 |
|
.054 |
|
2.26 |
|
|
Sandstone |
.22 |
|
.081 |
|
|
|
|
Silica (fused) |
.316 |
|
|
|
10.0 |
|
|
Silicon Carbide |
.20-.23 |
|
.069 |
|
105 |
|
|
Silicone Rubber |
.45 |
|
.045 |
|
1.5 |
|
|
Soapstone |
.22 |
|
.097 |
|
11.3 |
|
|
Sodium Carbonate |
.30 |
|
.078 |
520 |
|
|
|
Sodium Chloride |
.22 |
|
.078 |
1474 |
|
|
|
Sodium Cyanide |
.30 |
|
.054 |
1047 |
|
|
|
Sodium Nitrate |
.29 |
|
.082 |
584 |
|
|
|
Sodium Nitrate |
.30 |
|
.078 |
520 |
|
|
|
Soil, Dry |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Steatite |
.20 |
|
.094 |
|
17.5-23 |
4.5-5.5 |
|
Stone |
.20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sugar |
.30 |
|
.061 |
320 |
|
|
|
Sulfur |
.175 |
17 |
.075 |
246 |
1.9 |
36 |
|
Tallow |
|
|
.035 |
90 |
|
|
|
Teflon |
.25 |
|
.078 |
|
1.7 |
55 |
|
Urea, Formaldehyde |
.4 |
|
.056 |
|
|
|
|
Vinyl |
.3-.5 |
|
.046 |
|
.8-2.0 |
28-100 |
|
Wood, Oak |
.57 |
|
.029 |
|
1.1 |
|
|
TABLE 3 - PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS |
|
Material |
Average
specific
heat,
Btu/
(lb.)(°F) |
Heat of
vapor-
ization,
Btu/lb. |
Density
lbs./
U.S. Gal. |
Boiling
point,
°F |
Thermal
Conductivity
K
(Btu)(in.)
(hr.)(sq.ft.)(°F) |
|
Acetic Acid, 20% |
.91 |
810 |
8.6 |
214 |
3.7 |
|
Acetic acid, 100% |
.48 |
175 |
8.7 |
245 |
1.14 |
|
Acetone, 100% |
.514 |
225 |
6.5 |
133 |
1.15 |
|
Alcohol (allyl) |
.665 |
293 |
7.4 |
207 |
|
|
Alcohol (amyl) |
.65 |
216 |
7.4 |
280 |
|
|
Alcohol (butyl) |
.687 |
254 |
6.1 |
244 |
|
|
Alcohol (ethyl) |
.60 |
367 |
6.6 |
173 |
1.3 |
|
Alcohol (propyl) |
.57 |
295.2 |
6.7 |
208 |
|
|
Ammonia, 100% |
1.1 |
589 |
6.4 |
-27 |
3.48 |
|
Asphalt |
.42 |
|
8.3 |
|
5.04 |
|
Benzene |
.42 |
170 |
7.5 |
175 |
1.04 |
|
Brine (25% CaCl) |
.689 |
|
10.2 |
|
3.36 |
|
Brine (25% NaCl) |
.786 |
730 |
9.9 |
220 |
2.88 |
|
Brine (25% NiCl) |
.81 |
728 |
9.9 |
221 |
4.0 |
|
Carbon Tetrachloride |
.21 |
|
13.2 |
170 |
|
|
Caustic soda (18%) |
.84 |
795 |
10.0 |
221 |
3.9 |
|
Corn Cyrup, Dextrose |
.65 |
|
11.7 |
231 |
|
|
Cottonseed Oil |
.47 |
|
7.9 |
|
1.2 |
|
Dowtherm A |
.44 |
42.2 |
8.8 |
496 |
.96 |
|
Ether |
.503 |
160 |
6.1 |
95 |
.95 |
|
Ethyl Acetate |
.475 |
183.5 |
6.9 |
180 |
|
|
Ethyl Bromide |
.215 |
108 |
12.1 |
101 |
|
|
Ethyl Chloride |
.367 |
166.5 |
7.6 |
54 |
|
|
Ethyl Iodide |
.161 |
81.3 |
15.1 |
160 |
|
|
Ethylene Bromide |
.172 |
83 |
16.0 |
270 |
|
|
Ethylene Chloride |
.299 |
139 |
9.6 |
240 |
|
|
Ethylene Glycol |
.555 |
|
9.4 |
387 |
|
|
Formic Acid |
.525 |
216 |
9.3 |
213 |
|
|
Freon 11 |
.208 |
|
12.3 |
74.9 |
.600 |
|
Freon 12 |
.232 |
62 |
10.9 |
-21.6 |
.492 |
|
Freon 22 |
.300 |
|
10.0 |
-41.36 |
.624 |
|
Fuel Oil #1 |
.47 |
86 |
6.8 |
440 |
1.008 |
|
Fuel Oil #2 |
.44 |
|
7.2 |
|
.96 |
|
Fuel Oil #3, #4 |
.425 |
67 |
7.4 |
580 |
.918 |
|
Fuel Oil #5, #6 |
.41 |
|
7.9 |
|
.852 |
|
Gasoline |
.53 |
116 |
5.5-5.7 |
280 |
.936 |
|
Glycerine |
.61 |
|
10.5 |
556 |
2.0 |
|
Heptane |
.49 |
137.1 |
5.1 |
210 |
|
|
Hexane |
.6 |
142.5 |
5.1 |
155 |
|
|
Hydrochloric 10% |
.93 |
|
8.9 |
221 |
3.9 |
|
Ice |
.5 |
|
7.5 |
|
3.96 |
|
Lard |
.64 |
|
7.7 |
|
|
|
Linseed Oil |
.44 |
|
7.7 |
552 |
|
|
Mercury |
.033 |
117 |
113.0 |
675 |
59.64 |
|
Methyl Acetate |
.47 |
176.5 |
7.3 |
133 |
|
|
Methyl Chloroform |
.26 |
95 |
11.1 |
165 |
|
|
Methylene Chloride |
.288 |
142 |
11.0 |
104 |
|
|
Molasses |
.60 |
|
11.7 |
220 |
|
|
NaK (78% K) |
.21 |
|
6.2 |
1446 |
167.0 |
|
Napthalene |
.396 |
103 |
7.2 |
424 |
|
|
Nitric acid, 7% |
.92 |
918 |
8.6 |
220 |
3.8 |
|
Nitric acid, 95% |
.5 |
207 |
12.5 |
187 |
|
|
Nitrobenzene |
.35 |
142.2 |
|
412 |
|
|
Oil (SAE 10-30) |
.43 |
|
7.4 |
|
|
|
Oil (SAE 40-50) |
.43 |
|
7.4 |
|
|
|
Olive Oil |
.47 |
|
7.8 |
570 |
|
|
Paraffin (melted) |
.71 |
|
6.3 |
|
1.0 |
|
Perchlorethylene |
.21 |
90 |
13.5 |
250 |
|
|
Phenol |
.56 |
|
8.9 |
346 |
|
|
Phosphoric 10% |
.93 |
|
8.7 |
|
|
|
Phosphoric 20% |
.85 |
|
9.2 |
|
|
|
Potassium (K) |
.18 |
893 |
6.0 |
1400 |
320.0 |
|
Propane (Comp) |
.576 |
|
0.02 |
-48.1 |
1.81 |
|
Sea Water |
.94 |
|
8.6 |
|
|
|
Sodium (Na) |
.30 |
1810 |
6.8 |
1621 |
580.0 |
|
Sodium Hydroxide |
|
|
|
|
|
|
•30% Solution |
.84 |
|
11.1 |
|
|
|
•50% Solution |
.78 |
|
12.8 |
|
|
|
Soybean Oil |
.24-.33 |
|
7.7 |
|
|
|
Starch |
|
|
12.8 |
|
|
|
Sucrose, 40% Sugar |
.66 |
|
9.8 |
214 |
|
|
Sucrose, 60% Sugar |
.74 |
|
10.7 |
218 |
|
|
Sulfur, Melted 500°F |
.24 |
120 |
15.0 |
838 |
|
|
Sulfuric acid, 10% |
.92 |
|
9.9 |
216 |
4.0 |
|
Sulfuric acid, 20% |
.84 |
|
9.5 |
218 |
|
|
Sulfuric acid, 60% |
.52 |
|
12.5 |
282 |
2.88 |
|
Sulfuric acid, 98% |
.35 |
219 |
15.3 |
625 |
1.8 |
|
Therminol FR-2 |
.30 |
|
12.1 |
648 |
.70 |
|
Toluene |
.42 |
|
7.2 |
|
1.032 |
|
Trichloroethylene |
.23 |
103 |
12.2 |
188 |
.84 |
|
Transformer Oils |
.42 |
|
7.5 |
|
.9 |
|
Turpentine |
.41 |
123 |
7.3 |
318 |
.90 |
|
Vegetable Oil |
.43 |
|
7.7 |
|
1.1 |
|
Water |
1.0 |
970 |
8.3 |
212 |
4.2 |
|
Xylene |
.411 |
149.2 |
7.2 |
288 |
|
|
TABLE 4 - PROPERTIES OF GASES |
|
Gas |
Specific heat,
Btu/lb./°F |
Density
lbs./ft.3 |
Thermal
Conductivity
K
Btu)(in.)
(hr.)(sq.ft.)(°F) |
|
Acetylene |
.35 |
.073 |
.129 |
|
Air @ 80°F |
.240 |
.073 |
.18 |
|
•@400°F |
.245 |
.046 |
.27 |
|
Alcohol, Ethyl (Vapor) |
.4534 |
|
|
|
Alcohol, Methyl (Vapor) |
.4580 |
|
|
|
Ammonia |
.523 |
.044 |
.16 |
|
Argon |
.125 |
.102 |
.12 |
|
Butane |
|
.1623 |
.0876 |
|
Butylene |
|
.148 |
|
|
Carbon dioxide |
.199 |
.133 |
.12 |
|
Carbon monoxide |
.248 |
.072 |
.18 |
|
Chlorine |
.115 |
.184 |
.06 |
|
Chloroform |
.1441 |
|
.046 |
|
Chloromethane |
.24 |
.1309 |
.0636 |
|
Ethyl Chloride |
|
.1703 |
.066 |
|
Ethyl Ether |
.4380 |
|
.0924 |
|
Ethylene |
.40 |
.0728 |
.1212 |
|
Helium |
1.25 |
.011 |
1.10 |
|
Hydroclhoric Acid |
.191 |
.0946 |
|
|
Hydrogen |
3.39 |
.0052 |
.13 |
|
Hydrogen Sulfide |
.2451 |
.096 |
.091 |
|
Methane |
.528 |
.041 |
.25 |
|
Nitric Oxide |
.231 |
.0779 |
.1656 |
|
Nitrogen |
.248 |
.072 |
.19 |
|
Nitrous Oxide |
.221 |
.1143 |
.1056 |
|
Oxygen |
.218 |
.082 |
.18 |
|
Sulphur dioxide |
.152 |
.172 |
.07 |
|
Water Vapor (212°F) |
.482 |
.0372 |
.16 |
|